Base64 vs Base64URL: alphabets, padding and exact use
Compare RFC 4648 standard Base64 and base64url without treating their alphabets or padding conventions as interchangeable.
Read articleStrict Base64 explained
Base64 without hidden assumptions
Three focused articles explain alphabets, UTF-8 bytes, padding and canonical trailing bits.
How UTF-8 text becomes Base64 without losing Unicode
Follow Unicode scalar text through exact UTF-8 bytes, Base64 symbols and fatal decoding back to the original characters.
Read articleBase64 padding and canonical trailing bits
Understand why equals signs and zero unused bits matter even when a permissive decoder can recover bytes.
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